Al Khadim Research Journal of Islamic Culture and Civilization

Trade and Commercial Ethics in the Prophetic Era: A Research Overview

2026-03-15T07:07:49+00:00

The system of trade and commercial ethics in the Prophetic era was not merely a means of economic activity but was firmly grounded in principles of morality, justice, and social welfare. Under the leadership of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, commerce was organized to be lawful, transparent, and aligned with human well-being, ensuring not only wealth generation but also the establishment of social justice and trust. Traders in this era were encouraged to uphold honesty, maintain accurate weights and measures, adhere to quality standards, and avoid unjust profits, thereby fostering transparency and confidence in commercial relations. Practices such as usury, hoarding, and deceit were strictly prohibited in the marketplace, while traders were urged to conduct business with integrity and benevolence, promoting both social stability and economic growth. The Prophet ﷺ personally exemplified these principles, demonstrating fairness, honoring promises, and protecting the rights of weaker parties, thereby laying the foundation for societal trust. Commercial ethics also emphasized compassion and generosity, including fair treatment of the poor and needy, equitable pricing, and providing concessions to those in need. This system cultivated not only personal honesty among traders but also strengthened social cohesion and brotherhood. Contracts and promises held central importance in Prophetic commerce, as breach of trust or deception led to economic and social distrust. Additionally, commercial competition was regulated within ethical limits to prevent harmful strategies that could unjustly enrich or exploit others. Trade in this era also facilitated the fair distribution of wealth, alleviation of poverty, and opportunities for social welfare. The purpose of this study is to understand that commerce in the Prophetic era was not merely a financial transaction but a comprehensive economic system closely integrated with ethics, justice, integrity, and social well-being. This system proved successful in its time and continues to serve as a guiding model for contemporary society, especially in contexts where deceit, usury, and exploitation are prevalent. This paper will explore these principles, their practical manifestations, and their impact, aiming to understand the moral and social dimensions of Prophetic commerce in a modern context and to derive actionable guidelines from them.

A Research Study on the Harms of Betrayal, Dishonesty, and Their Contemporary Forms with Reference to the Qur’an and Hadith

2026-04-09T15:02:18+00:00

This paper presents a detailed study of the reality of betrayal and dishonesty, their socio-economic destructive impacts, and their various contemporary manifestations. In the light of the Qur’an and Hadith, it has been clarified that betrayal is not merely a moral evil but a trait contrary to faith and religion, which leads both individuals and society towards decline. The research highlights different forms of betrayal, such as dishonesty in trade, employment, labor, misuse of official and governmental resources, construction, mismanagement of donations and aid, as well as breach of agreements and misuse of authority. Furthermore, the Qur’anic verses and Prophetic traditions related to these forms of betrayal are discussed along with their warnings and consequences. The findings of the study indicate that the only effective way to eradicate betrayal is through the fear of Allah and complete adherence to Islamic teachings. Until individuals and institutions make honesty and integrity an essential part of their personal and collective lives, society cannot achieve true progress and prosperity.

Modern Medical Challenges, Legal and Ethical Responsibilities, and Shariah Rulings on Liability (ضمان)

2026-04-25T08:00:10+00:00

This paper examines the Shariah rulings related to medical treatment, with particular focus on the principles governing liability (ضمان). In the contemporary era, alongside remarkable advancements in the field of medicine, there has been a significant rise in medical negligence, commercialization, and professional irregularities. These developments have given rise to critical questions regarding patients’ rights and the responsibilities of medical practitioners. The present study analyzes these issues in the light of the Qur’an, Sunnah, and Islamic jurisprudence. The article highlights that the permissibility of medical treatment in Islamic law is contingent upon four fundamental conditions: (1) professional competence and expertise, (2) adherence to established medical standards, (3) obtaining consent from the patient or their guardians, and (4) sincerity and goodwill. When these conditions are fulfilled, any unintended harm does not render the physician liable; however, the absence of any of these conditions results in liability. The study further categorizes medical practitioners into three types—qualified and certified practitioners, skilled but uncertified practitioners, and unqualified practitioners—and elaborates on their respective legal rulings. It establishes that an unqualified practitioner is liable for harm in all cases, whereas a qualified practitioner is held liable only in instances of negligence, transgression, or treatment without consent. Additionally, practical forms of medical negligence—such as misdiagnosis, unnecessary surgical procedures, violation of medical standards, and disregard for patients’ rights—are discussed in detail. The study concludes that Islamic law assigns paramount importance to the protection of human life and has laid down clear ethical and legal boundaries for the medical profession. Adherence to these principles not only absolves physicians of liability but also promotes trust, justice, and the spirit of humanitarian service within society.

A research and analytical study of the Shariah status and contemporary meaning of similarity

2026-05-03T07:03:10+00:00

This research delves into the Shariah perspective on the concept of "similarity," exploring its current significance in the modern context. Through a combination of rigorous investigation and thoughtful analysis, the study aims to unravel the status of similarity within Islamic law. The objective is to bridge the gap between traditional interpretations and the challenges posed by contemporary issues. By presenting insights in clear and accessible language, this study endeavors to enhance understanding and contribute to discussions surrounding the dynamic interplay between Shariah principles and the evolving social landscape.

Assimilation according to the attribute in the Holy Quran

2026-04-28T12:05:34+00:00

This research, entitled “Assimilation according to the attribute in the Holy Quran” assimilation by similarity or “assimilation due to similarity of characteristics" in English, refering to a type of pronunciation aule in Arabie, specifically in the context of Tajwid (Quran recitation). Ancient Arabic linguistics studied assimilation and divided it into two types based on the concrete sounds. The first type is gemination (combination of two similar sounds), which means the combination of two similar letters into one sound. It is related to the articulation of sounds. The second type: assimilation, which means the combination of two close sounds. Adjacent phonemes influence each other when spoken, so that their places of articulation and characteristics change into equal and quadratic forms with the adjacent sounds. This rule is used in the Holy Quran.

Cultural interaction between Arabs, Jews and Christians in Yathrib before Islam

2026-05-10T06:34:29+00:00

Yathrib, (later Madinah), a key cultural and commercial hub in pre-Islamic Arabia, Served as a melting pot for Arab, Jewish and Christian, fostering a complex interplay of Religious, Social and cultural influences. The Jewish tribes of Banu-Qaynuqa, Banu Nadir and Banu Guragza likely present since ancient migrations were integral to Yathrib’s economy and architecture contributing fortified Structure and advanced craft man ship while speaking Arabic infused with Hebrew terms. Christians through less prominent, influenced the region through trade and monastic communities, adopting Arabic in their rituals, The Arab Population Primarily adhering to Hanfism – a monotheistic tradition linked to Abraham – alongside prevalent Polytheism, interacted closely with these groups Sharing a reverence for monotheistic concepts. Trade Routes connecting Yathrib to the Byzantine and Sasanian empires facilitated the Exchange of Ideas, language and religious practices. This interaction enriched Arabic Poetry, religious narratives and social Structure with Jews and Christian, introducing Monotheistic traditions, that shaped the Arabic world view.

The Concept of Purification (Tahara) in Qur’an and its Scientific Basis: A Microbiological Analysis of Wudu, Ghusl, and Tayamum

2026-03-30T03:58:35+00:00

Islam integrates spiritual purification with practices that naturally support physical health, placing a strong emphasis on cleanliness (Tahara). This article compares Qur'anic teachings and prophetic traditions with modern scientific knowledge in order to examine the microbiological wisdom ingrained in the Islamic rituals of Wudu, Ghusl, and Tayammum. The Hadith literature emphasizes the importance of purification to faith and daily hygiene, while Tahara theology establishes it as both a divine mandate and a requirement for worship. The hands, mouth, nose, face, and feet, the body parts highlighted in Wudu, are important reservoirs and routes of transmission for pathogenic microorganisms like E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and respiratory pathogens, according to contemporary microbiology. The microbial load is greatly reduced, biofilm formation is disrupted, and mucosal defenses are strengthened by frequent ablution with running water. By mechanically reducing microbial colonization and promoting the health of the skin barrier, Ghusl provides a thorough hygienic reset that is particularly advantageous following sexual activity, menstruation, and postpartum periods. Although symbolic, tayammum uses clean soil's inherent antimicrobial and adsorptive qualities as a safe substitute when water is scarce. When combined, these customs show a striking balance between preventive health practices and spiritual cleansing. This multidisciplinary analysis demonstrates that Islamic purification practices represent a sophisticated, ageless framework for upholding personal hygiene, preventing infection, and advancing public health rather than being merely ritualistic.

From Prophetic Manners to Online Conduct: Reassessing Social Media Ethics in the Light of Seerah

2026-04-09T15:35:56+00:00

The rapid development of social media has transformed the conversation of the people, the formation of identity and the current pattern of communication, but it has also enhanced the spread of fake news, online bullying, cyber addiction, exposure to nakedness and obscenity, and the growing popularity of unfit celebrities to promote unhealthy or misleading information. Such issues cause moral decay of the digital societies, further than individual behavior manipulation. In this article, I intend to critically analyze these emerging ethical concerns through the lens of the Seerah Nabawiya SAW by arguing that the Prophetic model provides a comprehensive ethical framework that is applicable in modern contexts on the Internet. This paper redefines these ageless values in digital behavior by referring to Quranic teachings and the exemplary life of the Prophet SAW, particularly, his commitment to telling the truth, being modest, practicing emotional restraint, responsible oratory, healthy interaction, and safeguarding the unity of the community. The paper will offer viable and principle driven solutions to such issues as fake news, trolling, cyberbullying, dishonesty, the psychological impact of continuous screen time, and the vulnerability to unhealthy dependence on virtual approval by balancing social media ethics with prophetic messages. Ultimately, the paper makes the assertion that Seerah-oriented moral principles can be a source of transformational moral guidance and enable Muslims to make use of digital life in a socially responsible, ethically upright, and balanced way.

Translation and Cultural Adaptation of the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale into Urdu (CIPS-Urdu) for Use in Pakistan

2026-04-23T08:34:25+00:00

The Impostor Phenomenon (IP) is a psychological experience explained by persistent self-doubt and a fear of being exposed as a fraud despite of evident success. Although it is widely studied but there is a lack of culturally adapted instruments which limits its assessment in non-English-speaking populations. The present study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the Clance Impostor Phenomenon Scale (CIPS; Clance, 1985) into Urdu for use in the Pakistani context. A methodological research design was employed using established guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. The process followed 5 step model of translation including forward translation, synthesis, backward translation, expert committee review and pilot testing. Bilingual translators independently translated the scale into Urdu followed by reconciliation and back-translation to ensure accuracy of the translated version. An expert panel evaluated final translated version for semantic, idiomatic, experiential and conceptual equivalence, resulting in minor revisions to improve clarity and cultural relevance. The pre-final Urdu translated version of CIPS was pilot tested on a sample of Urdu-speaking participants who reported high levels of comprehensibility and clarity and suggested minor adjustments. The CIPS-Urdu was found to be linguistically accurate and culturally appropriate while maintained reliability with the original construct. Considering pre-established structural validity and reliability of CIPS-Urdu in Pakistani population, this study provides a standardized Urdu adaptation suitable for research in applied settings. This instrument aims to facilitate more inclusive assessment of impostor feelings in culturally sensitive psychological research in Pakistan.

A Primary Study on Developing a Digital Islamic Banking Platform for Pakistan

2026-04-27T10:26:08+00:00

In this review, we investigate the potential outcomes of utilizing and executing an e-instruction stage for Pakistani educational programs at the graduate school stage. This review will show exactly how the e-training stage gives a constructive learning effect to understudies and just how this device serves to effectively deal with all instructing measures. The current Pakistani instruction strategy just as the technique for the execution of educational plans in school training will be assessed. We will widen our perspectives on the current e-learning strategies utilized in Finnish instructive establishments and follow a similar investigation of Pac-Finnish training frameworks. At last, we will show that the picked approach is green, harmless to the ecosystem and firmly lined up with the guide to lessen and wipe out paper utilization in scholastic foundations later on.

Orientalist Paintings and Visual Representations: Critical Essay

2026-04-28T12:15:07+00:00

This study critically examines Orientalist paintings and visual representations with a focus on how they constructed and communicated images of the East, particularly Islamic societies. Orientalist art, produced mainly by European artists during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, played a significant role in shaping Western perceptions of Eastern cultures. These paintings often depicted themes such as exotic landscapes, religious practices, architecture, and gendered spaces like harems. While these works are admired for their artistic beauty and technical excellence, they also reflect deep cultural, political, and ideological biases. The research highlights that Orientalist visual representations were not neutral depictions of reality but were influenced by colonial expansion and Western intellectual dominance. Artists frequently combined observation with imagination, resulting in images that emphasized exoticism, difference, and cultural stereotypes. Women were often portrayed as passive and sensual, while Eastern societies were shown as static, traditional, and less developed compared to the West. These representations contributed to the construction of the “Orient” as the cultural “Other,” reinforcing a sense of Western superiority. The study also explores modern critical perspectives, particularly post-colonial and feminist approaches, which challenge the accuracy and objectivity of Orientalist art. It concludes that while Orientalist paintings hold significant artistic and historical value, they must be interpreted critically within their broader socio-political context. A balanced approach helps in understanding both their aesthetic contributions and their ideological limitations in shaping cultural knowledge.

Between Policy Text and Institutional Practice: Recontextualising the Compulsory Quran Translation Course in Pakistani Higher Education Through a Policy Sociology Lens

2026-04-28T12:22:27+00:00

State intervention in the form of compulsory religious education in higher education creates tension among legislative power, institutional autonomy, and teacher agency. This study focuses on the Compulsory Quran Translation Course and its initiation by Punjab provincial legislation between 2018 and 2023, and provides an account of a university enacting the policy. This study adopted a multiple case study design within 10 departments of a public university and the policy cycle framework. The study used semi-structured interviews, systematic classroom observations, and policy document analysis to gather data. The results reveal three interrelated policy effects. First, the policy effect was predominant, with legislative and bureaucratic establishments largely excluding frontline practitioners from policy text formulation. Second, dissemination became the primary emphasis, diminishing the role of course outlines in practice directions. Third, transmission-based teaching, weak monitoring, and tension between shared moral agreement and unclear pedagogy characterised the practice context. This study posits that these are consequences, not mere signs of poor policy implementation; rather, they can be seen as outcomes of the policy's structural design. These findings are valuable to policy sociology, debates on compulsory curriculum reform, and understanding of policy in higher education in the Global South.

DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.19886293