Urbanization Trends and Their Effect on Human Development in Balochistan
Keywords:
Urbanization, Trends, Effect, Human Development, BalochistanAbstract
This research study investigates the intricate relationship between urbanization trends and human development in the context of Balochistan, a region characterized by its unique socioeconomic and geographical challenges. As urbanization rapidly transforms the landscape of Balochistan, understanding its multifaceted impact on human development is essential for informed policy formulation and sustainable development initiatives. To explore this relationship, a mixed-methods approach is employed. Quantitative analysis involves the examination of demographic data, including population growth rates, urbanization patterns, and demographic transitions over the past few decades. The Human Development Index (HDI) serves as a key quantitative indicator, allowing for the assessment of changes in living standards, education, and healthcare within the urbanizing regions of Balochistan. Qualitative methods complement the quantitative analysis, involving in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with key stakeholders, policymakers, and residents of urban and peri-urban areas. These qualitative insights provide a nuanced understanding of the social, economic, and environmental dynamics associated with urbanization, shedding light on the lived experiences and perceptions of individuals affected by these trends. The research also employs Geographic Information System (GIS) mapping to visually represent the spatial distribution of urbanization and its correlation with human development indicators. This spatial analysis enhances the identification of disparities and hotspots within Balochistan, offering valuable insights for targeted interventions and policy recommendations. Through this comprehensive research methodology, the study aims to contribute to the existing literature on urbanization and human development while providing evidence-based recommendations for policymakers and development practitioners working towards sustainable and inclusive growth in Balochistan. The findings of this research are anticipated to inform strategies that harness the positive aspects of urbanization while addressing challenges to ensure a balanced and equitable improvement in human development outcomes across the region.
References
Abbas, H. (2016). Balochistan: at the crossroads of history. Oxford University Press.
Ahmed S. and Bashir S. 2019. Factors Causing Water Scarcity in Washuk District Balochistan. Balochistan Rev. XL(1
Akram, H. (2020). Education governance in Pakistan: A critical analysis of challenges. Journal of Social Sciences Advancement, 1(1), 38-41.
Akram, H., & Abdelrady, A. H. (2023). Application of ClassPoint tool in reducing EFL learners’ test anxiety: an empirical evidence from Saudi Arabia. Journal of Computers in Education, 1-19.
Akram, H., & Yang, Y. (2021). A critical analysis of the weak implementation causes on educational policies in Pakistan. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 4(1), 25-28.
Akram, H., Abdelrady, A. H., Al-Adwan, A. S., & Ramzan, M. (2022). Teachers’ perceptions of technology integration in teaching-learning practices: A systematic review. Frontiers in psychology, 13, 920317.
Akram, H., Al-Adwan, A. S., Aslam, S., & Khan, M. I. (2023). Pedagogical practices and challenges in cultivating moral values: A qualitative study of primary school teachers in Pakistan. Education 3-13, 51(4), 607-619.
Akram, H., Yang, Y., Ahmad, N., & Aslam, S. (2020). Factors contributing low English language literacy in rural primary schools of Karachi, Pakistan. International Journal of English Linguistics, 10(6), 335-346.
Akram, H., Yingxiu, Y., Al-Adwan, A. S., & Alkhalifah, A. (2021). Technology integration in higher education during COVID-19: An assessment of online teaching competencies through technological pedagogical content knowledge model. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 736522.
Alizai, Shahida, et al. (2021). The Socio-Economic Profile and theirChanging Features: Gender-BasedInequality Prospects in Balochistan. International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www.ijicc.netVolume 15, Issue 2, 2021, pp-1230-1240
Angel, S., Blei, A. M., & Lamson-Hall, P. (2011). Atlas of Urban Expansion. Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.
Baloch, A. A., Yasmin, M., Imran, M., & Raza, S. H. (2017). Assessment of drought risk in Balochistan, Pakistan using geographical information system and remote sensing. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(5), 238.
Balochistan Economic Report. (2019). Planning & Development Department, Government of Balochistan.
Bashir, S. & Zafar, H. ???? Women empowerment through community development programs in balochistan. ResearchGate 37 (2), 239–252.
Bashir, S., Arshad, M., & Barech, S. (2019). Local communities participation in China-Pakistan economic corridor (CPEC): The case of Balochistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences,9(1), 71-87.
Bashir, s. Dr. Huma Zafar. (2017). Women empowerment through community Development 239programs in Balochistan. Balochistan Review, (XXXVII)2, 239-252.
Bashir, S., & Shah, N. A. (2020). Community Development Programs For Socio-Economic Development In Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences. 6. 10.46568/pjass.v6i1.314.
Bashir, S., Khan, J., Danish, M., & Bashir, W. (2023). Governance and development challenges in Balochistan: A comparative study with other provinces and way forward. International Journal of Contemporary Issues in Social Sciences, 2(4), 620-649.
Bashir, S., Naseer, F., Karim, H., Farooq, K., Zafarullah., & Sultana, B. B. (2021). Social Media Improving the Quality Education: A Case Study of University Of Balochistan, Quetta. Ilkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 20 (2), 1886-1905 doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2021.02.203
Bashir, S., Shah, N. A., Karim, H., Farooq, K., & Ahmed, Z. N. (2021). The perceptions of students regarding the ways of community involvement in public secondary school at district kech Balochistan. Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews, 9(3), 1690-1698. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93171
Bashir, Siraj, et.al. (2021). LEARNING EXPERIENCES OF STUDENTS ABOUT ONLINETEACHING AND LEARNING DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC INBALOCHISTAN., PJAEE,18(10) 2021.
BBC News. (2020). Balochistan profile. Retrieved from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11999611
Benazir, BiBi, et al. (2021). A sociological Analysis of the Attitude of Working Females towards Joint
Chakravorty, S. (2019). Urbanization and Development: Multidisciplinary Perspectives. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Economics and Finance.
Davis, M. (2006). Planet of Slums. Verso.
Ezeh, A., Oyebode, O., Satterthwaite, D., Chen, Y. F., Ndugwa, R., Sartori, J., ... & Caiaffa, W. (2017). The history, geography, and sociology of slums and the health problems of people who live in slums. The Lancet, 389(10068), 547-558.
Family System: A Case Study of Quetta City. Indian Journal of Economics and Business, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp-1779-1791
Farooq, Kinza, et al. "The Study on the Role of social media in Social Change in Society." International Journal of Innovation, Creativity and Change. www. ijicc. netVolume 15 (2021)
Florida, R. (2002). The Rise of the Creative Class. Basic Books.
Glaeser, E. L. (2011). Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier. Penguin Books.
Kakar, I. U., & Bashir, S. (2023). The Role Of Universities In Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 In Balochistan.Journal of Positive School Psychology, 7(2),275-289
Kronstadt, A. K. (2010). Pakistan-U.S. Relations. Congressional Research Service.
Li, S., & Akram, H. (2023). Do emotional regulation behaviors matter in the professional development of EFL teachers? A process model approach. Porta Linguarum Interuniversity Journal of Foreign Language Didactics, (2023c), 273–291.
McGranahan, G., Martine, G., & Tacoli, C. (2007). Urban Growth and Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. Environment and Urbanization, 19(2), 337–353.
Montgomery, M. R. (2008). The urban transformation of the developing world. Science, 319(5864), 761-764.
Murtaza, G., Bashir, S., & Khaliq, A. (2021). Barriers in Adopting Sustainable Agricultural Practices (SAPs) under Changing Climate in Balochistan, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Applied Social Sciences, 12(1), 1–16.
OECD. (2017). Perspectives on Global Development 2017 - International Migration in a Shifting World. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Patel, S., Rastogi, A., & Das, A. (2018). Inclusive Urbanisation: The Role of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act in India. Urban Studies, 55(11), 2421–2441.
Ramzan, M., Azmat, Z., Khan, M. A., & un Nisa, Z. (2023, June). Subject-Verb Agreement Errors in ESL Students' Academic Writing: A Surface Taxonomy Approach. In Linguistic Forum-A Journal of Linguistics (Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 16-21).
Ramzan, M., Bibi, R., & Khunsa, N. (2023). Unraveling the Link between Social Media Usage and Academic Achievement among ESL Learners: A Quantitative Analysis. Global. Educational Studies Review, VIII, 407-421.
Ramzan, M., Javaid, Z. K., & Ali, A. A. (2023). Perception of Students about Collaborative Strategies Employed by Teachers for Enhancing English Vocabulary and Learning Motivation. Pakistan Journal of Law, Analysis and Wisdom, 2(02), 146-158.
Ramzan, M., Javaid, Z. K., & Fatima, M. (2023). Empowering ESL Students: Harnessing the Potential of Social Media to Enhance Academic Motivation in Higher Education. Global Digital & Print Media Review, VI, 224-237.
Ramzan, M., Javaid, Z. K., Kareem, A., & Mobeen, S. (2023). Amplifying Classroom Enjoyment and Cultivating Positive Learning Attitudes among ESL Learners. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 11(2), 2298-2308.
Ramzan, M., Mushtaq, A., & Ashraf, Z. (2023). Evacuation of Difficulties and Challenges for Academic Writing in ESL Learning. University of Chitral Journal of Linguistics and Literature, 7(I), 42-49.
Ravallion, M. (2011). Urbanization and Poverty: What Do We Know? World Bank Research Observer, 26(1), 1–27.
Seto, K. C., Güneralp, B., & Hutyra, L. R. (2014). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(40), 4332–4337.
Shah, T. (2018). Water and Urbanization: A Comprehensive Review of the Role of Water in Shaping the Urban Future. Water, 10(6), 711.
Tacoli, C. (2013). Urbanization and the Poor: The Role of Spatially Blind Policies and Politics. In S. Parnell & S. Oldfield (Eds.), A Routledge Handbook on Cities of the Global South (pp. 525–537). Routledge.
UN-Habitat. (2020). World Cities Report 2020. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.
UN-Habitat. (Various years). Global Report on Human Settlements. United Nations Human Settlements Programme.
United Nations. (2018). World Urbanization Prospects. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
Waseem Sadiq, D. S. B., Zafar, H., Zarar, R., TahiraNaudani, M., & Ali, T. (2022). Exploring the perceived concerns of people of Baluchstan province related to Pakistan’s signature project, the China Pakistan Economic Corridor.Central European Management Journal,30(3), 214-222
World Bank. (2009). World Development Report 2009 - Reshaping Economic Geography. The World Bank.
World Bank. (2019). Balochistan: Education Challenges and Opportunities. Retrieved from https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2019/05/31/balochistan-education-challenges-and-opportunities
